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Top Financial Planning Tips for Beginners

 Embarking on the journey of financial planning can feel overwhelming, especially if you're just starting. However, mastering the basics can set you on a path to financial stability and success. Here’s a comprehensive guide with top financial planning tips for beginners to help you build a strong foundation. 1. Understand Your Financial Situation The first step in effective financial planning is to gain a clear understanding of your current financial situation. This involves: a. Assessing Your Income: List all sources of income, including your salary, bonuses, rental income, or any side hustles. Knowing your total income helps you create a realistic budget. b. Tracking Expenses: Monitor your spending patterns by keeping track of all expenses. Use budgeting apps or spreadsheets to categorize and review your spending habits. This will help identify areas where you can cut back. c. Evaluating Net Worth: Calculate your net worth by subtracting your liabilities (debts) from your asse
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The 8086/8088 Microprocessors: Registers

• Registers – Registers are in the CPU and are referred to by specific names – Data registers • Hold data for an operation to be performed • There are 4 data registers (AX, BX, CX, DX) – Address registers • Hold the address of an instruction or data element • Segment registers (CS, DS, ES, SS) • Pointer registers (SP, BP, IP) • Index registers (SI, DI) – Status register • Keeps the current status of the processor • On an IBM PC the status register is called the FLAGS register – In total there are fourteen 16-bit registers in an 8086/8088 Data Registers: AX, BX, CX, DX • Instructions execute faster if the data is in a register • AX, BX, CX, DX are the data registers • Low and High bytes of the data registers can be accessed separately – AH, BH, CH, DH are the high bytes – AL, BL, CL, and DL are the low bytes • Data Registers are general purpose registers but they also perform special functions • AX – Accumulator Register – Preferred register to use in arithmetic, logic and data transf

8086 internal registers 16 bits (2 bytes each)

8086 internal registers 16 bits (2 bytes each)

8086 internal registers 16 bits (2 bytes each)

8086 block Diagram

Intel 16-bit Registers

8086 Architecture • The 8086 has two parts, the Bus Interface Unit (BIU) and the Execution Unit (EU). • The BIU fetches instructions, reads and writes data, and computes the 20-bit address. • The EU decodes and executes the instructions using the 16-bit ALU. • The BIU contains the following registers: IP - the Instruction Pointer CS - the Code Segment Register DS - the Data Segment Register SS - the Stack Segment Register ES - the Extra Segment Register The BIU fetches instructions using the CS and IP, written CS:IP, to contr a ct the 20-bit address. Data is fetched using a segment register (usually the DS) and an effective address (EA) computed by the EU depending on the addressing mode. The EU contains the following 16-bit registers: AX - the Accumulator BX - the Base Register CX - the Count Register DX - the Data Register SP - the Stack Pointer